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**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟎 — 𝐍𝐨 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞** **𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐳𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐠 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝐀 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧** When **Wolfgang Mozart** and his mother **Maria Anna Mozart** left Salzburg in **September 1777**, this…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐁𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄 𝐋𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐘 (𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐–𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) was one of the most powerful and contradictory figures in seventeenth-century music. He was born Giovanni Battista Lulli in…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 9 — Breaking** **1) Salzburg Stagnation and the Weight of Dependence** After Munich, **Mozart returned to Salzburg still without a meaningful future**. He had no major post beyond…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 “𝐄𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐚” - 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 - 𝐖𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 - 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbHD189DAp0&t=234s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbxD-_yNIKw (Good Sound) The 1944 Vienna performance of Beethoven’s Third Symphony conducted by Wilhelm Furtwangler with the Wiener Philharmoniker is…

# **The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Music ** ***The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Music*** was published by **Cambridge University Press in 2009**, under the editorship of **Simon P. Keefe**. Cambridge’s own record identifies the…

# **The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music ** ***The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music*** was published by **Cambridge University Press in 2005**, under the editorship of **Tim Carter** and **John Butt**. It appeared as…

# **Richard Taruskin’s *****Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries***** ** Richard Taruskin’s ***Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries*** was published by **Oxford University Press in 2010** as part of his monumental ***The…

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓 — 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐚 were not…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭 - 𝐃𝐢𝐞 𝐙𝐚𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐭𝐞 - 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫, 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚 - 𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐢 𝐆𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐚, 𝐆𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐳, 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐲, 𝐋𝐮𝐜𝐢𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐩𝐩, 𝐆𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐨𝐛 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤, 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟, 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠, 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐚 𝐇ö𝐟𝐟𝐠𝐞𝐧, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫, 𝐀𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐆𝐢𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥, 𝐑𝐮𝐭𝐡-𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐭 𝐏ü𝐭𝐳,…

𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞 - 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGAKgoclJ6A&t=389s 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠 𝐒𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐮𝐬 — Tristan 𝐊𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐅𝐥𝐚𝐠𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐝 — Isolde 𝐁𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐨𝐦 — Brangäne 𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐟 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐥 — König Marke 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫-𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐮 — Kurwenal 𝐑𝐮𝐝𝐨𝐥𝐟 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐜𝐤 — Seemann /…

𝐒𝐈𝐑 𝐄𝐃𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐄𝐋𝐆𝐀𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐃𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐆𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎𝐬) 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐄𝐝𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐄𝐥𝐠𝐚𝐫 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒) was born on 2 June 1857 in Lower Broadheath,…

𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐌𝐄 𝐉𝐀̈𝐑𝐕𝐈: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐔𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕– ) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔) 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝐉𝐚̈𝐫𝐯𝐢 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟕…

𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔 — 𝐀 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐱𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏. 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 By 1936, 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟑) was living through one of the most difficult phases…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐒 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐒𝐘𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐓 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) Carlos Kleiber was born Karl Ludwig Bonifacius Kleiber on 3…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗢 𝗜𝗡 𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥, 𝗢𝗣. 𝟲𝟭 — 𝗔 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (1806) 𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗜𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘𝗢𝗡 https://www.patreon.com/collection/2018065 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗫𝗧 (1806) Beethoven composed the Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61 in…

𝗬𝗘𝗛𝗨𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗛𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮 (1916) 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 (1916–1999) was born on April 22, 1916, in New York, into a family of Russian-Jewish intellectuals who…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗕𝗨𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗗𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗟 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖 The relationship between 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 (1908–1989) and 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗶𝘂 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 (1912–1996) stands among the most psychologically charged rivalries in twentieth-century…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗖𝗥𝗔𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 — 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗚𝗛 𝗣𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗜. 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗦 Nathan Milstein (1904–1992) emerged from the extraordinarily fertile musical environment of the late…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗘𝗥, 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡, 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗢 𝗧𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖, 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗘 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵) In 1929, a photograph captured an extraordinary moment: three of the most influential cultural figures of the early…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬’𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 — 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗨 The relationship between Claude Debussy (1862–1918) and his only child, Claude-Emma Debussy (1905–1919)—affectionately called “Chouchou”—was one of the most tender and emotionally transformative bonds…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗛 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8vUd_l29KY The relationship between Herbert von Karajan and Dmitri Shostakovich was never personal in the intimate sense that Karajan had with…

𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 / 𝗠𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆 — 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 1938 — First major collaboration: Premiere of Symphony No. 5 in Leningrad conducted by Mravinsky (21 November 1937; partnership solidified from 1938 onward). 1940 — Premiere of Symphony No.…

## Mahler’s Music in the Netherlands Under Nazism — and the Controversial Role of Willem Mengelberg The fate of **Mahler’s music in the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation (1940–1945)** is inseparable from the tragic…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧’𝐬 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐜𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐦𝐬’𝐬 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 “𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦” 𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 Johannes Brahms lived under a shadow that was both inspiring and terrifying: the presence of Ludwig van Beethoven as the…