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𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗥: 𝗣𝗛𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗡 To describe 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’s physical appearance is to describe one of the most powerful visual myths in…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗢 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗜 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗰𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶 was born in 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭, 𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟬, into a family already associated with music. He belonged to…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗩𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟮 Chapter 11 is one of…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹𝘁𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱 Chapter 6 is one of the most emotionally…

𝗣𝗘𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗔𝗔𝗚 𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗖, 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗟, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝗮𝗮𝗴, born 𝗘𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗮𝗴 on 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟵 in 𝗦𝘁. 𝗚𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻, Switzerland, and deceased on 𝟭𝟲 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟭 in…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬’𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗔 𝗡𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 Florence May’s 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 occupies a special place among Brahms…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗝𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗺, 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 4 is one of the turning-points…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗢𝗯𝘀𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟴–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 3 is one of the decisive transition chapters…

𝗖𝗘́𝗖𝗜𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗢𝗧𝗧𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗘 𝗝𝗘𝗔𝗡𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗔𝗨𝗗 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱𝘆 𝗖𝗲́𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗲 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘂𝗱, later 𝗖𝗲́𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱𝘆, was born on 𝟭𝟬 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳 and died on 𝟮𝟱 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯. She is remembered above…

𝗣𝗔𝗨𝗟 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗬 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗮 𝗣𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗮𝘂𝗹 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱𝘆, born 𝗣𝗮𝘂𝗹 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱𝘆 on 𝟭𝟴 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟭 in Leipzig and dead on…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗰 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 The influence of 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 on 𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 was not a matter of simple imitation. Shostakovich did not…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗟𝗬 𝗪𝗜𝗦𝗗𝗢𝗠 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗼𝗺, 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲, 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗺 The section 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗟𝗬 𝗪𝗜𝗦𝗗𝗢𝗠 from Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His Own Words reveals a different but…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗨𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 The section 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗨𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 from Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His Own Words brings us to the most tragic…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗗 𝗔 𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀, 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗲𝗽𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳 The episode of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 visiting the dying 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 is one…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯 — 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵: 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹, 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲, 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 With Chapter 13, Schubert’s life passes fully into…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁 — 𝗔 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘂𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗔 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗘𝘀𝘀𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 To understand 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 only as a…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 The recorded legacy of 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 is one of the most imposing…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗩𝗦. 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗴𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟱, 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜. 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻…

𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻ç𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 The deaths of 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲…

𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠 𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟭–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵 The Palace of Versailles was never simply a royal residence, nor even merely the most spectacular architectural expression of French absolutism. From the moment Louis XIV began transforming…

𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹’𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗵 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁’𝘀 𝗥𝗲-𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: 𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹'𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗵 𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗪.𝗔. 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 - 𝗢𝗥𝗙 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗿𝘂𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘀 - 𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀, 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝗴𝗶𝘁 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗹𝗮,…

𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗮 (𝟭𝟲𝟰𝟯–𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟮): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀, 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿, 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗮, born in 𝟭𝟲𝟰𝟯 and murdered in 𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟮, occupies one of the most dramatic…

𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀𝗶 (𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟲): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗕𝘂𝗳𝗳𝗮, 𝗦𝗮𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝗲𝘀𝗶: 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟱 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀𝗶 was born on 𝟰 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟬 in 𝗝𝗲𝘀𝗶, in…

𝗟𝗼𝘂𝗶𝘀 𝗜𝗜 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝗲𝗰𝗵𝘁, oil on canvas, 131.4 x 117.5 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, donated by Frederick Loeser in 1889. This portrait was painted by…