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𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐒 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐃𝐄 𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐀𝐍 𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓 Carlos Kleiber occupies an almost unique position in the history of conducting. He never directed a major orchestra for decades in the manner…

# **MENDELSSOHN’S MUSICAL INFLUENCE ON OTHER COMPOSERS** The influence of **Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847)** was far deeper than is sometimes acknowledged. He did not create a clearly defined “school” in the manner of Wagner or…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆, 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗡𝗼 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲…

𝗜𝗦𝗔𝗔𝗖 𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗘 𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗟, 𝟭𝟵𝟲𝟬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘 The 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗬𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 Gala Opening Night concert of 27 September 1960 was much more than the opening of another…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗕𝗔𝗨𝗗 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗯𝗮𝘂𝗱 was one of the twentieth century’s most complete and least theatrical great conductors. His reputation rests largely on his advocacy of modern music, especially 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴,…

𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗞𝗬 — 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗦, 𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗝𝗔𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗬 Few encounters in twentieth-century music could have been more symbolically charged than those between 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗳𝗳 and 𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆. Both were Russian exiles, internationally…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗡𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗗: 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬, 𝗦𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗕𝗜𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗥 𝗠𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗟 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗦 Few unrealised encounters in the history of modern music are as intriguing as the possible meeting between 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆 and 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗻.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧 𝗣𝗘𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 The 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 is one of the oldest, most prestigious and historically influential institutions of higher musical education in Russia. Together with the…

𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 𝗔𝗟𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗧: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗨𝗡𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙 The possibility that 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆 and 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗳𝗳, two of the most powerful and apparently contrasting musical personalities of their age,…

𝗦𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗕𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙: 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗦 𝗖𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗗 The relationship between Alexander Scriabin and Sergei Rachmaninoff has often been simplified into a picturesque opposition: the mystical revolutionary against the last great Romantic, the…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆, 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗡𝗼 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 — 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮 For years, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 had struggled…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟯 𝗠𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 — 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 After the frenzy of his flight toward Paris, the abandoned plan of…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩 — 𝗔𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟲 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼𝘀, 𝗧𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘇, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀 To understand 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, one must…

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩 — 𝗔𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟱 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝗺, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 The question of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 cannot be answered only from the piano. The piano…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟯 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗮𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗛𝗮𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗳𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗱 — 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟭 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 left Budapest for Hamburg in 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟭, he was…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟬 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗪𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗨𝗻𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗴 For the young 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿, love rarely arrived as tranquillity. It came instead as 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻,…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 — 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗡𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲, 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, also known by her married name 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, was born on 13 October 1826 in Lohnde, near Hanover, and died on…

𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗘𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙’𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The music of 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗳𝗳 is instantly recognizable: long-breathed melodies, darkly glowing harmonies, immense climaxes, tolling bells, dense piano textures and an almost…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟵 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘁 𝗦𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗵𝘀𝗼𝗻: 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗻 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 — 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗺𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳 By the time the English actors arrived in Paris, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕-𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝟯.𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕-𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 In this chapter, 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 approaches 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’𝘀 𝗕-𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟳 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗖𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗵 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 arrived in Vienna, he entered not only a great musical capital but also a city divided…

𝗗𝗜𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗥𝗜 𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗢𝗦 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Dimitri Mitropoulos was one of the most intense, selfless and visionary conductors of the twentieth century. He conducted without a baton, frequently without a score and with…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧’𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 Franz Liszt’s reputation has often been distorted by two opposing myths. To some listeners, he remains primarily the supreme nineteenth-century virtuoso: the dazzling showman who transformed the piano into…

𝗝𝗢𝗦É 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣É𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 — 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗻, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 José Luis Pérez de Arteaga’s Mahler is far more than a conventional biography. It brings together…