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𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐌 𝐕𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐓𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐓𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐒 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐧 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐨𝐨 (𝟐𝟕 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕 –…

𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐔 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Sergiu Celibidache (1912–1996) was born on 28 June 1912 in Roman, Romania and died on 14 August 1996 near Paris. He remains…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐏𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐏𝐏𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐔 (𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟑–𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) was born on 25 September 1683 and died on 12 September 1764. He is often remembered as the supreme…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐁𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄 𝐋𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐘 (𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐–𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) was one of the most powerful and contradictory figures in seventeenth-century music. He was born Giovanni Battista Lulli in…

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐈 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957) was one of the most admired and feared conductors in modern history. He was born on 25 March 1867…

𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐙𝐔𝐍𝐎𝐕 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936) is often remembered as the grand stabilizing figure of late Russian music: the prodigy who united nationalism with conservatory…

𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐓-𝐒𝐀𝐄̈𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921) is often remembered as the supreme French classicist of the later nineteenth century: elegant, lucid, disciplined, cultivated, brilliant, and…

𝐀𝐍𝐉𝐀 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐉𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐇 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐎𝐇𝐍𝐀𝐍𝐘𝐈: 𝐀 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 Anja Silja and Christoph von Dohnányi came together in the world of postwar German opera,…

𝐑𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐀 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑, 𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐙 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝟑 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕 – 𝟓…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐙𝐓 (𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Liszt (1811–1886) was one of the most contradictory figures in nineteenth-century music. He was the greatest virtuoso celebrity of his age…

𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄́𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) is often imagined as the supreme poet of the piano: aristocratic, fragile, refined, inward, and almost detached from the…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) is often remembered as the austere and noble musical voice of Finland: the composer of Finlandia, the seven symphonies,…

𝐄𝐃𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐆𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐆 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) is often remembered as one of the most lyrical, intimate, and beloved composers of the nineteenth century: the musical…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐍𝐈𝐄𝐋𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Carl Nielsen (1865–1931) is often presented as one of the strongest and healthiest figures in Scandinavian music: the great Danish symphonist, a…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐍 𝐃𝐕𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐊: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Antonin Dvorak is often remembered as one of the healthiest, warmest, and most balanced figures in nineteenth-century music: a deeply Czech composer, a…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Gustav Mahler was one of the most contradictory figures in music history. He was a composer of metaphysical vastness and a conductor of…

𝐃𝐌𝐈𝐓𝐑𝐈 𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐊𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐇: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Dmitri Shostakovich is one of the most contradictory figures in all music history. He was at once a state-honored Soviet composer and a…

𝐌𝐀𝐗 𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐙 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐳 (𝟏𝟎 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟏𝟏 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, into…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Schubert is often imagined as one of the gentlest and most inwardly lyrical figures in music history: the shy Viennese genius of…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐃𝐄𝐔𝐒 𝐌𝐎𝐙𝐀𝐑𝐓: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is often imagined as the miraculous child of music, the smiling genius of effortless perfection, the embodiment of grace,…

𝐉𝐎𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Johannes Brahms is often remembered as the great embodiment of musical seriousness, structural mastery, emotional reserve, and artistic integrity: the bearded classicist of…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐉𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐏𝐇 𝐇𝐀𝐘𝐃𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Joseph Haydn is often remembered as one of the most balanced, benevolent, and stable figures in music history: the kindly “Father…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐋: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 George Frideric Handel is often remembered as a figure of magnificence, authority, theatrical brilliance, and overwhelming musical confidence: the composer of Messiah,…

𝐋𝐔𝐃𝐖𝐈𝐆 𝐕𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Ludwig van Beethoven is often presented as the supreme heroic figure in music: defiant, original, morally elevated, and artistically invincible. Yet his…