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𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗚𝗨𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗛𝗘𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗟 The meeting between 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 and 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 belongs to those rare…

𝗠𝗬 𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗛𝗨𝗧 𝗔𝗧 𝗟𝗔𝗞𝗘 𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘𝗘 𝗔 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗖𝗘 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗜𝗧 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 On 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟮𝟮, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱, I had one of…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - **𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟱 — 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 ## 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 (1790–1791) The death of Joseph II on February 20, 1790, marked not only the…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗟 𝗕𝗢̈𝗛𝗠 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 “𝗕𝗢̈𝗛𝗠 𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗗𝗘𝗡” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗜. 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘇 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Karl Böhm was born in…

𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 was one of the central figures of nineteenth-century French opera, although his reputation today rests above all on two works:…

𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗦𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗰 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗪𝗮𝗿𝗺 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 The relationship between 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 was not as long, intimate, or structurally decisive as the…

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗮 𝗗𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗳𝘁 𝗮 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 The influence of 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 on 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 was never a simple matter of imitation. It was more subtle, more fruitful,…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗜𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 The relationship between 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 was not a friendship in the usual sense, nor was it a direct personal feud…

𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗽𝗿𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟮) By 1851, the eleven-year-old 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 was fully immersed in life at the…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 – 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗜. 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆 The family of 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 — Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский — originated from the 𝗺𝗶𝗱𝗱𝗹𝗲-𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀𝗶𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗲, blending…

𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟬) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗹 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟬) 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 was born on 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟳, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟬, in the small industrial town of 𝗩𝗼𝘁𝗸𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸,…

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗠: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗚 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖, 𝗟𝗢𝗬𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗖𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗 The friendship between 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 and 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗝𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗺 belongs among the most significant artistic relationships of the 19th century. It was not…

𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗧 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘, 𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗧, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗘𝗘𝗣𝗟𝗬 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 was never a composer of easy compliments. His judgments could be abrupt, ironic, severe,…

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦: 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞𝗦 𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗗, 𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗭𝗘𝗗, 𝗢𝗥 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 Before naming specific composers or works, one essential truth must be stated: 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗹𝘆. His criticisms…

𝗔 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲 — 𝗔 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 This past summer, I had the profound experience of visiting 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲 at the 𝗭𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 — one of those moments that seem…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 — 𝗦𝗨𝗖𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿: 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟴) With Chapter 11, Schubert’s…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 — 𝗚𝗟𝗢𝗢𝗠 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝗻𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄, 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗰𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘃𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳) If the…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 ⠀ 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼 was born on 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟮𝟲, 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯, in 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, into one of…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - **𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟰 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁’𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵 In July 1789, Mozart wrote one of the most anguished letters of his adult life to…

𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗔 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭 𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮 was born on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭, in 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, a city whose musical culture was…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 — 𝗔𝗡 𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 (𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝟮) 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀, 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗳𝘁 𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗸𝗳𝗿𝗲𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲) If the first half of Schubert’s expanding world was marked by…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 — 𝗔𝗡 𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹, 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗜)…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗸 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻, 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗴𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳…

𝗨𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝟮𝟲, 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗯𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿-𝗶𝗻-𝗹𝗮𝘄 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟮. 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁. This…