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𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of orchestral conducting is not made only of great interpretations, legendary recordings, schools of performance, and unforgettable…

𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬, 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 The history of 𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 and 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 is one of the most moving and paradoxical stories in modern music. They were sisters,…

𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1854–1879), at the age of 18 Youngest child of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 Photograph, 1872 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗮𝘂𝘀, Zwickau 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was the youngest child of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻. He was born…

𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (Father of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻) was born in 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗰𝗵ü𝘁𝘇 on 𝟮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟯, the son of a poor pastor. Although his early life seemed to direct him toward a practical commercial career, his…

𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, née 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹, (Mother of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻) was born in 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝘀𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳 on 𝟮𝟴 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟳, the eldest daughter of 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗮𝗺 𝗚𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗼𝗯 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹 (1737–1809) and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹, née 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 (1745–1818). Through her mother’s…

𝗝𝘂𝗹𝗶𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1845–1872) was the third daughter of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, born into one of the most emotionally intense and artistically distinguished families of nineteenth-century Romantic music. She grew up in the…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵: 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗲𝘅𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗜. 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗩𝗦. 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗴𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟱, 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜. 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻…

𝗟𝗨𝗟𝗟𝗬’𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗟𝗢𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗫𝗜𝗩 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿, 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗹𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝘂𝗻 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗮𝘃𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 In the last decade of…

𝗧𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬: 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦, 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧, 𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗔 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗘𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗜.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝟰𝟴 𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗽𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗖𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱…

𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧 𝗖𝗘𝗖𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗔: 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗮 occupies one of the most poetic positions in Western…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗢𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀, 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆, 𝗺𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀𝗶…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗢 𝗩𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗗𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗽𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘆, 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗳𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘆: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮 The encounter between 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 and 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 belongs to one of the most formative episodes in early eighteenth-century music. It was…

𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 The encounter between 𝗔𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 and 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 was one of the most decisive pedagogical relationships in twentieth-century music. It was not merely the…

𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 Berlioz/Liszt: Symphonie fantastique ― Idil Biret https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U88C1-3Vlmc&list=RDU88C1-3Vlmc&start_radio=1 The relationship between 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 and 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 was one of the most fertile…

𝗥𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝘄𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗝𝗮𝘇𝘇, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗨𝗿𝗯𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘆 The meeting between 𝗠𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹 and 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝘄𝗶𝗻 belongs to one of the most fascinating moments in twentieth-century music: the moment when…

𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗢𝗽𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 When 𝗙𝗿é𝗱é𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 arrived in Paris in 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭, he entered a city that had become the most brilliant musical capital of Europe. Paris was…

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆 The history of classical music does not advance only through works, styles, schools, or institutions. It…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 The first decisive meeting between 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 took place in 𝗗ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳 in the autumn of 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯, when…

𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻ç𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 The deaths of 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗲𝘅𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲: 𝗔 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱𝘀 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 died…

𝗧𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗣𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗼𝗰𝗸 (𝗯. 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗽𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗱, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁, 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗚𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗮 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲…