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𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗭𝗪𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗔𝗨 Robert Schumann’s childhood begins not with the image of a passive…

# **Chicago Symphony Orchestra — From the Archives** 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗩𝗼𝗹. 𝟭 — The Reiner Era 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗩𝗼𝗹. 𝟮 — Soloists of the Orchestra 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗩𝗼𝗹. 𝟯 — To…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗗𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗣𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗵𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆 Listening to classical music while driving is not the same as listening to it at home, in a concert hall, or…

𝗖𝗢𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗, 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗞𝗢𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗜𝗧𝗭𝗞𝗬 — 𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗘𝗪𝗢𝗢𝗗, 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟳: 𝗔 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 The photograph of 𝗔𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱, 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗶𝗻 and 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗞𝗼𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗸𝘆 at 𝗧𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗼𝗱, 𝗟𝗲𝗻𝗼𝘅, 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗰𝗵𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘁𝘁𝘀, in 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟳 captures much more than three famous…

𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗞𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗵 was born in 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟴 in 𝗢𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮, then part of the Russian Empire, and died in 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟰 in 𝗔𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝗺. He became one of the greatest…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗗𝗔𝗡𝗭𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗞𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧’𝗦 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟯, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘄𝗲𝘁𝘇𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟯 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲, 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘀𝗿𝘂𝗵𝗲, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗶 was one of the…

𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗜 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗰. 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟬/𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟭, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟱, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the essential creators…

𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗔𝗕𝗜𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗧𝗔𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟴 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟭, 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗺, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟬 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟴, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝗳𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗰𝗵 was one of the central…

𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗭: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 𝗔𝗖𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗦 𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗘 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟱, 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗺, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟵 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟭, 𝗝𝗲𝗻𝗮, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘇 was one of the most…

𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗜 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗧𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟮 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟱, 𝗙𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝗼, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟯 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰, 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶 was one of…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚 𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗚𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗔 𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗞𝗘𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟯𝟬 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟮, 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗮́𝘁𝗸𝘆 𝗻𝗮𝗱 𝗝𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘂, 𝗕𝗼𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟲 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟱, 𝗞𝗼̈𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 was one…

𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡 𝗞𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗪𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟬 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟲, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗺, 𝗦𝘄𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 is one…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗫𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗧𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟵, 𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀̌𝗼𝘃, 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟮 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵, 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 was one of…

𝗠𝗨𝗭𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝘂𝘇𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟯 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟮, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮, 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗺, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the great figures in the…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗝𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗝𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟬 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟱 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great reforming figures of eighteenth-century opera,…

𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗘́-𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗧-𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘́𝗧𝗥𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗢𝗣𝗘́𝗥𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗚𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘 𝗔 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲́-𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁-𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲́𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟭, 𝗟𝗶𝗲̀𝗴𝗲 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗴𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟰 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟯, 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the composers who shaped…

𝗘́𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘-𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘́𝗛𝗨𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘-𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗘́𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲-𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗲́𝗵𝘂𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟯, 𝗚𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘁, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟴 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the most powerful French…

𝗜𝗚𝗡𝗔𝗭 𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗬𝗘𝗟: 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡’𝗦 𝗣𝗨𝗣𝗜𝗟, 𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗘’𝗦 𝗙𝗔𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗨𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗣𝗹𝗲𝘆𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟴 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟳, 𝗥𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗹, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟰 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the composers who carried the…

𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗙 𝗠𝗬𝗦𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗖̌𝗘𝗞: 𝗜𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗘𝗠𝗢, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗳 𝗠𝘆𝘀𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗰̌𝗲𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟳, 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲, 𝗕𝗼𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟰 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟭, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the remarkable composers of the…

𝗠𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗘𝗟 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟰 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟳, 𝗥𝗼𝗵𝗿𝗮𝘂, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟲, 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘇𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the composers of…

𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗚𝗜 𝗕𝗢𝗖𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗢 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗖𝗥𝗔𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝘂𝗶𝗴𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗰𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟵 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟯, 𝗟𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟴 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟱, 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗱, 𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗻 Among the great composers of the Classical…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗨̈𝗖𝗞𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟭 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟮, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟱, 𝗕𝘂̈𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 Among the musical…

𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗗 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗧𝗬 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗱 𝗚𝗹𝘂𝗰𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗘𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗕𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the great composers of the eighteenth century,…

𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢 𝗖𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟳 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗱𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟭 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟭, 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great composers of…