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𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗜 𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗘𝗦? The idea that 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗼 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗶 might have written outstanding symphonies, had he chosen to devote himself to the genre, is not a romantic exaggeration or a form of…

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦: 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞𝗦 𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗗, 𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗭𝗘𝗗, 𝗢𝗥 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 Before naming specific composers or works, one essential truth must be stated: 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗹𝘆. His criticisms…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗪𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗸-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟲) 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗶𝗻 𝗔 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟳 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESsY_vVZ3gQ 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗮, piano 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗬𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗸 𝗡𝗲́𝘇𝗲𝘁-𝗦𝗲́𝗴𝘂𝗶𝗻, conductor 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮…

𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗔 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭 𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮 was born on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭, in 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, a city whose musical culture was…

𝗣𝗔𝗨𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗢𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝟮𝟱 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗣𝗮𝘂𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗼𝘁 𝗚𝗮𝗿𝗰í𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗼𝘁 was far more than one of the greatest mezzo-sopranos of the nineteenth century. She was a 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲, a singer whose intelligence, dramatic instinct,…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟭-𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗭𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘆 𝘇𝘂 𝗩á𝘀𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗸𝗲ö 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟵-𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟰. 𝗣𝗵𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 𝗯𝘆 𝗘𝗱𝗲 𝗞𝗼𝘇𝗶𝗰𝘀, 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟭. 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 The relationship between Franz Liszt (1811–1886) and Géza Zichy (1849–1924) stands as one of the…

𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘃á (𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲–𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭) 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟯, 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲, in 𝗥𝗮č𝗮, 𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗮, 𝗖𝘇𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭, in 𝗭𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵, 𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝗿𝘁 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘃á was one of the greatest 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗼𝘀 of the late 20th…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗠 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗞𝗛𝗔𝗨𝗦 — 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 “𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲, 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗨𝗻𝘂𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆” 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗼𝘆 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗦𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀 was born in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟵–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟯) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗲𝗲𝗳𝗲 In the spring of 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟵, a new figure entered Beethoven’s life — 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗼𝗯 𝗡𝗲𝗲𝗳𝗲, a…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗔 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆’s connection with Richard Strauss was not a casual or distant one. It began in Vienna in the formative years…

𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 — 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻 & 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿, 1940 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿: Hermann Scherchen studied conducting and composition in Vienna, where he came into contact with Felix Weingartner. Scherchen was particularly drawn to 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀…

𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐙𝐔𝐍𝐎𝐕 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936) is often remembered as the grand stabilizing figure of late Russian music: the prodigy who united nationalism with conservatory…

𝐌𝐀𝐗 𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐙 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐳 (𝟏𝟎 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟏𝟏 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, into…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐆𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃𝐄𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄, 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧 (𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 – 𝟖…

𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐎 𝐃𝐄𝐋 𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐂𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐌𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 — 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄, 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐨 (𝟐𝟕 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓 – 𝟏𝟔 𝐎𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐) was…

𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐎𝐈𝐆𝐍𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐘 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐂𝐄𝐊 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐔𝐁𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝐄𝐂𝐇𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐃 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐅𝐔𝐋 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐒𝐄 Any discussion of the influence of 𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 (1860–1911) on 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐬 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐤…

𝐉𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐋𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐍𝐄 — 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐘: 𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎𝐬) 𝐉𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) was born on 23 June 1943 in Cincinnati, Ohio,…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗: 𝗔 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 Sergiu Celibidache (1912–1996) remains one of the most singular figures in twentieth-century conducting. From the beginning…

𝗘𝗨𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗬 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗕𝗨𝗗𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗧𝗢 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗔 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 The rise of 𝗘𝘂𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 (1899–1985) from a Budapest violin prodigy to one of the most influential orchestral conductors of the twentieth…

𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 — 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻 & 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿, 1940 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿: Hermann Scherchen studied conducting and composition in Vienna, where he came into contact with Felix Weingartner. Scherchen was particularly drawn to 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀…

𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗦 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 — 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘀 𝗔𝘁 𝟯𝟳 (𝗜𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗱𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺𝗽𝗵) Rossini’s “retirement” is one of the most haunting paradoxes in music history: Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868)—the most…

𝗖𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁-𝗦𝗮ë𝗻𝘀 (𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟱–𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭) was a 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗽𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, He was born on 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟵, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟱, 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, and displayed 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗮 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗴𝗲. He was already 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴…

**Francesco Geminiani (1687–1762) **was an Italian Baroque composer, violin virtuoso, and influential music theorist. Born in Lucca, he studied with Arcangelo Corelli in Rome and absorbed the Italian violin tradition at its highest level.…

**Arcangelo Corelli** (1653–1713) was one of the most influential composers of the Baroque era and a central figure in the development of instrumental music. Born in Fusignano, Italy, he spent most of his career…