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𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗢𝗽𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 When 𝗙𝗿é𝗱é𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 arrived in Paris in 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭, he entered a city that had become the most brilliant musical capital of Europe. Paris was…

𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻ç𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 The deaths of 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲…

𝗛𝘂𝗴𝗼 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗹 — 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗲𝘁, 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝘄𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁 — photographed in 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟮 with 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 at Hofmannsthal’s home in 𝗥𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘂𝗻, Austria, a village later incorporated into Vienna.

𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗢 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗛𝗢𝗙𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗚𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗛𝘂𝗴𝗼 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗹 was one of the most refined literary minds of fin-de-siècle Vienna and one of the greatest librettists in the…

𝗕𝗼𝗶𝘁𝗼 - 𝗠𝗲𝗳𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗳𝗲𝗹𝗲 - 𝗣𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶 - 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗚𝗵𝗶𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗼𝘃 - 𝗟𝘂𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗣𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶 - 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗶 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗮𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹é - 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 - 𝗢𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗼 𝗱𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗶𝘀 https://www.patreon.com/posts/boito-pavarotti-149643187?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗶𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝟭.…

𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗢 𝗕𝗢𝗜𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗼 𝗕𝗼𝗶𝘁𝗼 was one of the most fascinating figures in nineteenth-century Italian music: poet, composer, critic, librettist, intellectual agitator, and finally the man who…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗜𝗦𝗗𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗟 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 read not to decorate the mind, but to discipline and nourish it. Reading, for him, was never a…

𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗔 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭 𝗚é𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮 was born on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟭, in 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁, a city whose musical culture was…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟮 — 𝗩𝗶𝘃𝗮 𝗹𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁à** **𝗗𝗮 𝗣𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲 𝗔𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗢𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿** By 1787, **Lorenzo Da Ponte** had risen from uncertain newcomer to one of the…

𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘: 𝗔 𝗥𝗔𝗥𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚: 𝗪𝗘𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗥, 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟭 Felix Mendelssohn first met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟭, when the boy was only 𝗧𝘄𝗲𝗹𝘃𝗲…

𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who dominate by monumentality, and others who conquer through something apparently lighter but no less…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are pianists whose greatness is built on force, brilliance, or spectacle, and there are others whose authority comes from something…

𝐄𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐨𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝𝐲 There are composers whose music conquers by force, and others whose power lies in 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦, 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐦𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲,…

𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡: 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗣𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗭 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗗𝗘 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 The relationship between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Ludwig van Beethoven began not with personal intimacy,…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗱𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀 (1656–1728) was a French Baroque composer and a supreme virtuoso of the viola da gamba, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳…

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵 never intended to be a conductor. He began as a violinist—gifted, gentle, and lyrical. In fact,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 𝗜. 𝗪𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗬 𝗞𝗡𝗢𝗪𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 “𝗡𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝗳𝘁𝘆 𝗱𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀. 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀…

𝐄𝐯𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐲 𝐊𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐢𝐤𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐲 There are pianists who impress through accuracy, others through power, and a rare few who seem to arrive already marked…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 There are pianists who astonish by force, brilliance, and the sheer dazzle of their fingers, and there are others whose…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂̧𝐎𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 François Couperin (1668–1733), later called “le Grand,” was born in Paris on 10 November 1668 and died there on 11 September 1733.…

𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄́𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) is often imagined as the supreme poet of the piano: aristocratic, fragile, refined, inward, and almost detached from the…

𝐄𝐃𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐆𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐆 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) is often remembered as one of the most lyrical, intimate, and beloved composers of the nineteenth century: the musical…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Schubert is often imagined as one of the gentlest and most inwardly lyrical figures in music history: the shy Viennese genius of…

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐟-𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 Wagner did not merely compose works of unusual scale and ambition; he also created an image of himself as a uniquely prophetic artist. He fashioned himself as…