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𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗦 𝗡𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗦 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗘𝗧 𝗣𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗔 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗣𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗩𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗧, 𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗬, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗥…

𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 The history of the 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 begins not with a royal decree, a wealthy patron or the carefully planned creation of…

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗔𝗕𝗕𝗔𝗗𝗢 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗥 “𝗜’𝗺 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝗼𝗻𝗲.” 𝗔 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟬–𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟮 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻: 𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗮𝘁 𝗮 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝘀 When 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼 was…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 “𝗥𝗘𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗘𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹, 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲, 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟱 𝗔 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 The years between 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟱 constitute the most…

𝗙𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗻 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗝𝗲𝘄𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝘇𝘆𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗹𝗱𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴, 𝗚𝗶𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸, 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗶 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗹𝗲 Around 1930, a photograph preserved…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗨̈𝗟𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗮 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟮 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 When the Berliner Philharmoniker was founded in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚: 𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟮 𝗔 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗿𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗿𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗼𝗻 The history of the Berliner Philharmoniker does not begin…

𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲 (𝟭𝟳 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟲 – 𝟭𝟯 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮) was born in Liegnitz, in the Prussian province…

𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗜 𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗧, 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶 was born in 𝗞𝗶𝗲𝘃 on 𝟮𝟬 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 and died in 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 on 𝟮𝟭 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟱, one…

𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰: 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲 The relationship of 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲 and 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻 with classical music was profound,…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗠 𝗙𝗨𝗥𝗧𝗪𝗔̈𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗘𝗥 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗨𝗡𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗴𝗲𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗼𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗰 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗔 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗿𝗮 When 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝘂𝗿𝘁𝘄𝗮̈𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲𝗿 died…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗣𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 The relationship between 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 is much more difficult to describe than the relationship between Brahms and Dvořák.…

𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 — 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟭, in 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀, then part…

𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗔𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗔 𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘀𝘀 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝘁 was born on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟭, 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟯, in 𝗩𝗲𝘃𝗲𝘆, Switzerland, and died on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗡 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞𝗦 Anton Bruckner’s influence on later composers was profound, though not always straightforward. Unlike Wagner, whose influence was immediately visible in opera, harmony, and aesthetics, Bruckner’s legacy developed…

𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗲𝘅 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 By 1907, Wilhelm Backhaus (born in Leipzig in 1884) was no longer the prodigious child who…

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗛𝗨𝗥 𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟬) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 Łó𝗱ź (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱) Arthur Rubinstein was born on January 28, 1887, in Łódź, then part of the Russian Empire (now Poland), into a cultured…

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰-𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟲), 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟲. The funeral of Anton Bruckner, held in 1896, was a solemn and nationally significant event, honoring the passing of a composer whose music—though often misunderstood in his lifetime—was…

𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐳 𝐑𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are conductors whose greatness lies in warmth, others in charisma, and a very rare few whose authority seems almost terrifying because it is…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐊𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐓, 𝐏𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐊𝐨𝐧𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐲 (𝟏𝟒 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟐𝟖 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) was…

𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who inherit great orchestras, and there are conductors who create them in the deepest sense. 𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡 belonged to the…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐊𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐓, 𝐏𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐊𝐨𝐧𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐲 (𝟏𝟒 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟐𝟖 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) was…

𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐒 𝐊𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐑𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 was born in Vienna…

𝐄𝐑𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐂𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐃𝐄𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐆𝐀𝐕𝐄 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 𝐀 𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐃𝐎𝐌 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐇𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 — 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃𝐒 (1846–1860s) 𝐄𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐜𝐡 was born on 23 November…