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𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲 (𝟭𝟳 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟲 – 𝟭𝟯 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮) was born in Liegnitz, in the Prussian province…

𝗔𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿 𝗥𝗼𝗱𝘇𝗶𝗻́𝘀𝗸𝗶 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗥𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝘀 𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿 𝗥𝗼𝗱𝘇𝗶𝗻́𝘀𝗸𝗶 — born on 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭, 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟮, in 𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗼, Dalmatia, then part of the 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼-𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗲 and today 𝗦𝗽𝗹𝗶𝘁, Croatia,…

𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗘́ 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗚𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The relationship between 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲́ 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲 and 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟵 was not primarily a friendship of daily intimacy…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮 𝗕𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗻-𝗕𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗻, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗢𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘁, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗼, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗼 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀’ 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟵…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻’𝘀 “𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀,” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 5 is the chapter in which…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟’𝗦 𝗙𝗨𝗡𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗧 𝗪𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗕𝗕𝗘𝗬 — 𝗔 𝗙𝗨𝗟𝗟 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵: 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗪𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗺𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗜. 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹’𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 When 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 died in…

𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 The encounter between 𝗔𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 and 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 was one of the most decisive pedagogical relationships in twentieth-century music. It was not merely the…

𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 (𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟱): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮, 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗜. 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿: 𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟬–𝗰.𝟭𝟲𝟳𝟴 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 was born on 𝟮 𝗠𝗮𝘆…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲 The first meeting between 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗖𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 took place on 𝟭𝟬 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯, in 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, when…

𝗘𝘃𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘆 𝗞𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 ⠀ 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘄: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗣𝗵𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗻 𝗘𝘃𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘆 𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗞𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻 was born in 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘄 on 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟬, 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟭, into a Jewish…

𝗧𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗮 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗱: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗮 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗮 was born on 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟲, 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯, in 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗱, into a Spain…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 ⠀ 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼 was born on 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟮𝟲, 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯, in 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, into one of…

𝗙𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺, 𝗡𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗴𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗼𝗺 ⠀ 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮, 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟱, in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, one…

𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 — 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟭, in 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀, then part…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗸 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻, 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗴𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳…

𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗔 𝗧𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗗𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗲𝘀𝗮𝗿𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗧𝗲𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗱𝗶 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟮, in 𝗣𝗲𝘀𝗮𝗿𝗼, the same Adriatic city that had once…

𝗚𝗜𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗣𝗘 𝗗𝗜 𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗙𝗔𝗡𝗢: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗘𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗔 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗶𝗻 20 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗰𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗜𝘁𝘀 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 1. 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗹𝘆 Giuseppe Di Stefano was…

𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗢𝗡𝗭𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 𝗔 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗶𝗻 20 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 1. 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆 Carlo Bergonzi was born on 13 July 1924 in Vidalenzo, near Parma, in…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻, 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬 𝗔 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻 Ludwig van Beethoven was born in a modest dwelling at Bonngasse 20, in the small but culturally…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟯) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭: 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 Ludwig van Beethoven was born on the night of 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟲, 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬, in…