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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 — 𝗣𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗜, 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 After the inward anguish of 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆, Rupert Hughes turns…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡-𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗥 After 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, whose music transformed desire into one of the supreme artistic languages of the nineteenth century while his…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥, 𝗖𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗠𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗬 After the painful, humiliating, and emotionally exhausted story of 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗲𝗿,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗧 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗔𝗦 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗, 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 Rupert Hughes begins the second volume of 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩𝗢 𝗗𝗨𝗗𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 Gustavo Dudamel is one of the most visible conductors of the twenty-first century: a Venezuelan musician formed by 𝗘𝗹 𝗦𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗮, projected internationally while still very young, and later placed…

𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗛𝗨 𝗜𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲-𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 Eliahu Inbal belongs to that rare generation of conductors whose careers were shaped by the great European symphonic tradition,…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 — 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖? To call 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 the greatest innovator in the history of music is a bold claim, and it must…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘-𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗠𝗘𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗧 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗘𝗪 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗗𝗨𝗧𝗬 When 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 entered the service of the 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗵𝗮́𝘇𝘆 family, he did…

🎼 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗮𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗘𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟱 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻…

𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦: 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. Britten did not become a Straussian composer in…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗘𝗜𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗗𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗛𝗔́𝗭𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗢𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗔𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗗𝗢𝗢𝗥 𝗖𝗟𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗗 When 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝘇𝗶𝗻 was forced by financial difficulty to dismiss his musical establishment,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗬 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 On 9 June 1763, the Mozart family left Salzburg for what would become one of the most extraordinary…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗨𝗡𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗬 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗢𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗔 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗔𝗪𝗡 The years around 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵–𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬 should have been, and in…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 Christoph Wolff’s 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 is one of the most important modern biographies of Bach. First…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟯 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 The image of Johann Sebastian Bach that emerges from…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟮 — 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲, 𝗖𝗿𝗮𝗳𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 To understand Johann Sebastian Bach only as a…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟭 — 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝗻 𝗮 𝗖𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 Johann Sebastian Bach has often been imagined…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗠 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗞𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟱𝟲𝟰–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 was not merely the greatest dramatist of the English language; he became one of the most inexhaustible literary sources for…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗤𝗨𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗧𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗦 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗞 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗢𝗪𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗦𝗨𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 By the middle of the…

𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗲 occupies a distinctive place among French writers connected with classical music. He was not primarily a musical poet in the intimate sense of…

𝗠𝗜𝗚𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗗𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗦, 𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗫𝗢𝗧𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗥 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀 — 𝟭𝟱𝟰𝟳–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀, the author of 𝗗𝗼𝗻 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝘅𝗼𝘁𝗲, occupies a unique place in the history of literature and…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 was perhaps the most important German literary figure for classical music. His poetry, dramas,…

𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 was one of the most musical poets of the German language and one of the supreme literary sources of the…

𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 — 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was one of the most extraordinary figures in German Romantic culture: writer, composer, music…