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𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗲𝘀: 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 (𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟴) Ignaz Moscheles was born on 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟬, 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰, in Prague, then part of the Habsburg Empire, into a well-educated German-speaking Jewish…

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐢 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐳: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐊𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are pianists whose fame rests on a few immortal works, and there are others whose importance lies in the…

𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡: 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗣𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗭 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗗𝗘 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 The relationship between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Ludwig van Beethoven began not with personal intimacy,…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗹: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗹 (1653–1706) was a leading German Baroque composer and 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗙𝘂𝘅: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗙𝘂𝘅 (c.1660–1741) was an Austrian Baroque composer, theorist, and one of the most influential teachers in music history. Born in…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱 — 𝗚𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗭𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗻𝗼𝗰** **Mozart in Vienna: opera, gossip, love, independence, and the making of a new life** Mozart’s arrival in Vienna in **1781** marked the true…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗭𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗘𝗛𝗧𝗔 — 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟰, 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗭 The relationship between 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗭𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗲𝗵𝘁𝗮 belongs to 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿-𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝘄𝗮𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. Swarowsky was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗔 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆’s connection with Richard Strauss was not a casual or distant one. It began in Vienna in the formative years…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐊𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐀𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥, 𝐒𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 There are conductors whose names survive because of scandal, glamour, or sheer tyranny, and there are others whose greatness…

𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐎𝐟 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 There are conductors whose fame rests on vast symphonic monuments, and there are others whose greatness is forged in…

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰-𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟲), 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟲. The funeral of Anton Bruckner, held in 1896, was a solemn and nationally significant event, honoring the passing of a composer whose music—though often misunderstood in his lifetime—was…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 (𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟲, 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟳) 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 – 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘀𝗸𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗭𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗳 Johannes Brahms, one of the towering figures of Romantic music, passed away on April 3, 1897, at the age of…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 𝗜. 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗥 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗬 𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 “𝗜 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗲; 𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗹𝘆.” — Letter to Franz Gerhard Wegeler, Vienna,…

𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 — 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻 & 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿, 1940 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿: Hermann Scherchen studied conducting and composition in Vienna, where he came into contact with Felix Weingartner. Scherchen was particularly drawn to 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀…

𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐂𝐳𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who become famous through power, glamour, or controversy, and there are others whose authority grows from something deeper: style,…

𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐲𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐲 There are conductors whose greatness lies in sheer musical command, and there are conductors whose greatness also acquires a moral dimension because of the…

𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐁𝐎̈𝐇𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Karl Böhm (1894–1981) was born in Graz on 28 August 1894 and died in Salzburg on 14 August 1981. He studied law…

𝐉𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐅 𝐊𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Josef Krips (1902–1974) was born in Vienna on 8 April 1902 and died in Geneva on 13 October 1974. He studied in…

𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐒 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐊𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐌𝐄𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝟏𝟗𝐓𝐇-𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐃 𝐂𝐑𝐀𝐅𝐓…

𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀 𝐉𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐙𝐀 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐀 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐎𝐏𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐎 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀, 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐘𝐎𝐑𝐊, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐔𝐂𝐂𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐀 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐕𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Complete Audio in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2064329 Leonard Bernstein’s Beethoven discography is both rich and uneven. In the symphonies, the essential comparison…

𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐌 𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐖𝐀̈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954) remains one of the most morally and historically controversial figures in twentieth-century music. He was born on 25 January…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Gustav Mahler was one of the most contradictory figures in music history. He was a composer of metaphysical vastness and a conductor of…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐎𝐍 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Anton Bruckner is often imagined as one of the most devout, humble, and innocent figures in nineteenth-century music: the provincial Austrian master of…