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𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who dominate by monumentality, and others who conquer through something apparently lighter but no less…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 18 - Long and Laborious Effort** **I. Vienna in Motion: The Trattnerhof and the Economy of Genius** At the opening of **1784**, Mozart is no longer merely…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗩𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗞: 𝗖𝗔𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞𝗦 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱 — No Opus — B001 — Forget Me Not [Nezapomeň na mě ne; Polka Pomněnka]. 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟵 — No Opus — B002 — Mass in B-flat major. 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟬 —…

𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗩’𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗘, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗨𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗭𝗨𝗡𝗢𝗩 𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗶𝘁𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗳 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘄𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝘁. 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗼𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟮𝟴, 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟳 (𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟲 𝗢.𝗦.).…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆: 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗙𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗱𝘆.…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟳) Handel’s life begins not in glamour, but in a world of 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿. He was born…

𝐕𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐫 𝐀𝐬𝐡𝐤𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐳𝐲: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞, 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐖𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐭𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 There are musicians whose careers divide neatly into one identity, and there are others whose greatness…

𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐊𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐦𝐬 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are pianists whose greatness rests on elegance, others on poetry, others on sheer force, and a very rare few whose art…

𝐃𝐢𝐧𝐮 𝐋𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐅𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 There are pianists whose greatness is built on vast careers, huge repertories, and decades of public triumph, and there are others…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗛𝗮𝘀𝗸𝗶𝗹 – 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 – 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝘂𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁 (𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱–𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟱) Clara Haskil was born on January 7, 1895, in Bucharest, Romania, into a Sephardic Jewish family of modest means.…

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐝𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐤𝐲: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐓𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐤, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 There are pianists whose fame rests on their own performances, and there are others whose deepest greatness lies…

𝐊𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐙𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are pianists whose greatness lies in brilliance, others in poetry, and a very rare few whose art seems…

𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗲𝘅 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 By 1907, Wilhelm Backhaus (born in Leipzig in 1884) was no longer the prodigious child who…

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗛𝗨𝗥 𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟬) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 Łó𝗱ź (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱) Arthur Rubinstein was born on January 28, 1887, in Łódź, then part of the Russian Empire (now Poland), into a cultured…

𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐚 𝐇𝐚𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐥 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐢𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐥𝐞 There are pianists whose fame is built on conquest, and others whose greatness seems to arise from something infinitely rarer: 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬,…

𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐨 𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐜𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are pianists whose greatness lies in spontaneity, others in poetry, others in sheer power, and a very rare…

𝐄𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐨𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝𝐲 There are composers whose music conquers by force, and others whose power lies in 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦, 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐦𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲,…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟲 — 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀: 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝘂𝗺𝗽𝗵** **𝗜. 𝗔 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁, 𝗔 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁** Swafford begins this chapter with a striking…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗣𝗦𝗘𝗗: 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗗𝗬 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗔𝗟𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗠 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥 The great family tragedy of Giuseppe Verdi was not a single blow, but a devastating chain of losses concentrated within…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗱𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀 (1656–1728) was a French Baroque composer and a supreme virtuoso of the viola da gamba, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳…

𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐤 𝐒𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐲, 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 There are composers whose greatness lies in large monuments, and there are others whose influence works more strangely, more quietly,…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱 — 𝗚𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗭𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗻𝗼𝗰** **Mozart in Vienna: opera, gossip, love, independence, and the making of a new life** Mozart’s arrival in Vienna in **1781** marked the true…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗞𝗡𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗦𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗖𝗛 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝘂𝗴𝗴𝗮𝗻’𝘀 𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 https://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/oct01/knappertsbusch.htm Tony Duggan presents this 6-CD set as a highly valuable historical document rather than a first-choice modern recommendation. Its importance lies above all…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀𝗯𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗢𝗻𝗲 Hans Knappertsbusch is not a conductor whose legacy is best understood through neat completeness. His recorded reputation rests above all on a relatively small number…