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𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐒 𝐊𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐑𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 was born in Vienna…

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐢 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜̧𝐨𝐢𝐬 𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐡 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐮𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐬 (𝟏𝟕 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟎 – 𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏) was a Belgian composer and violinist. 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐢 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐮𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐬: 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐨.𝟏, 𝐨𝐩. 𝟏𝟎, 𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐢 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐞𝐮𝐫, 𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐤𝐚 (𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧) - 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞…

𝐉𝐀𝐂𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐃𝐔 𝐏𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐎𝐎 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐋𝐘: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐃𝐘 (1945–1987) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 (1945–1956) 𝐉𝐚𝐜𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐮 𝐏𝐫𝐞 (1945–1987) was born on 26 January 1945 in…

𝗪𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗫𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗛𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗢 The text shown in the image reads: “I want to pick the old man’s brains for my opera.” Britten, 1943, after reading the…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — Chapter 5 — Liars, Slanderers, and Envious Creatures** **1) Salzburg After the Grand Tour: Spoils, Secrecy, and Leopold’s Next Calculations** After returning to Salzburg in **November 1766**, Leopold…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗶: 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲’𝘀 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 — 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝗱𝘀, 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗘𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗕𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗮 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀: 𝗔 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗿 (1879–1900) Ottorino Respighi was born in Bologna (1879), a city…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗿𝘆: 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗱𝗶’𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲: 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 (1678–1693) Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice in 1678, in a city where…

𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐎 𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐊𝐄𝐘𝐁𝐎𝐀𝐑𝐃: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐍𝐄𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐒 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 (1685–1757) 𝐈. 𝐍𝐄𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 (1685–1701) 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢 was born in Naples on 26 October…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐄𝐔 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒) 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) was born on 9 April 1906 in Budapest,…

𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐔𝐈𝐋 𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐔𝐃 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐊𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐇’𝐒 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒) 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑) 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐮𝐢𝐥 𝐀𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐝 (1884–1964) was born on 14 May 1884 in Odessa, then part…

𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐈. 𝐌𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎) 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (1864–1949) was born on 11 June 1864 in Munich, into a deeply musical…

𝐆𝐈𝐔𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐕𝐒. 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎’𝐒 𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈. 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒, 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃𝐒 Although 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐆𝐢𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) and 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕) belonged to essentially the same generation, their artistic…

𝐁𝐄𝐃𝐑̌𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐀: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐙𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐅𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐖𝐀𝐊𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑) 𝐁𝐞𝐝𝐫̌𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐚 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐌𝐄 𝐉𝐀̈𝐑𝐕𝐈: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐔𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕– ) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔) 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝐉𝐚̈𝐫𝐯𝐢 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟕…

𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐁𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 — 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐒𝐈𝐃𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐) 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐲 was born on…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐒 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐒𝐘𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐓 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) Carlos Kleiber was born Karl Ludwig Bonifacius Kleiber on 3…

𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐒𝐀𝐔𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟐) A Rigorous Essay on His Life and Professional Activity 𝐈. 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏) Emil von Sauer was born on October 8, 1862, in Hamburg, Germany. He grew up…

𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑 𝐍𝐈𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐) A Deep and Expansive Portrait of the Man Behind the Baton 𝐈. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐲𝐞𝐬 — “𝐇𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐔𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐆𝐚𝐳𝐞” One of the most persistent…

𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗟 𝗚𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗟𝗦 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗦𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗧 𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡 The emergence of 𝗘𝗺𝗶𝗹 𝗚𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗹𝘀 (1916–1985) as one of the twentieth century’s most formidable pianists was neither sudden nor accidental. His early years reveal a…

𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗜 𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗞𝗬-𝗞𝗢𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 (1844–1865) 𝗔 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗜𝗞𝗛𝗩𝗜𝗡 (1844–1856) Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was born on March 18 (March 6 O.S.), 1844, in the provincial Russian town of Tikhvin, into…

𝗩𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗠𝗜𝗥 𝗔𝗦𝗛𝗞𝗘𝗡𝗔𝗭𝗬 (b. 1937) — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗪 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 The early life of 𝗩𝗹𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗔𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘇𝘆, born on 6 July 1937 in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), unfolds as one of the most…

𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗞 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗠𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗔𝗠 (1929–1945) 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗸 (1929–2021) was born in Amsterdam on March 4, 1929, into a culturally engaged but not overtly musical…

𝗬𝗘𝗛𝗨𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗛𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗛 The relationship between 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 (1916–1999) and 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 (1913–1976) stands as one of the most intellectually and morally significant artistic…

𝗬𝗘𝗛𝗨𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗛𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮 (1916) 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 (1916–1999) was born on April 22, 1916, in New York, into a family of Russian-Jewish intellectuals who…