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𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬: 𝗡𝗔𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦, 𝗩𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗣𝗣𝗜𝗡𝗔 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟬) If Rome had revealed to Handel that a city without opera could still become a place of musical glory, the…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗩) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱” (𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟮) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟳: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 By 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟴, Beethoven’s home life had reached its 𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁. His father 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 had become…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜𝗩) “𝗦𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝘄𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴” (𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟭: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 By 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟰, Beethoven was no longer a 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆, but a recognized musician within the court of…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟯) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭: 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 Ludwig van Beethoven was born on the night of 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟲, 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬, in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 Vienna, 1826–1827 Age at death: 56 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗦 — 𝗦𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗢 𝗔𝗨𝗧𝗨𝗠𝗡 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲 Beethoven’s final decline did not begin in a single dramatic…

𝗔 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳) 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗽𝘀𝗲 To understand 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 in 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳, one must begin with a paradox. He…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳: 𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗜𝗡 𝗥𝗨𝗜𝗡𝗦, 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟱–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟲) The success of 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗶𝗿𝗮 might seem, at first glance, like the beginning of a secure ascent. A young composer…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗭 𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔: 𝗔 𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗥𝗛𝗬𝗧𝗛𝗠 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗜𝗖𝗧 Johann Strauss II was born in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟱, 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱, into…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢 𝗣𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗔: 𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗖𝗘 𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗦𝗛 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘 Nicolo Paganini was born in 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗮 𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟳, 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟮, into a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗢: 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 The history of the 𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗼 is one of the most fascinating in all music,…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 What follows is the first developed section of this large historical panorama: a series of relationships, encounters,…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 In this second great historical block, the center of gravity shifts from the mature Baroque world toward the age…

𝐋𝐞́𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞, 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who change music through force, others through philosophy, and others through sheer theatrical instinct.…

𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 – 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗫 𝗗𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗘 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟰) 𝗔 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗘 By 1884, Claude Debussy was no longer merely a gifted Conservatoire student showing flashes of…

𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗔 𝗕𝗢𝗗𝗬 𝗪𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗬, 𝗔 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧 𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗟𝗟 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦 By the last decade of his life, Claude Debussy was already a figure of immense artistic authority, yet inwardly his world…

𝗘𝗜𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗟 𝗧𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟵 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r65KAj2sB0U https://www.youtube.com/shorts/d0i4XG2KgOQ 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗕𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗖𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗚 When people look at the Eiffel Tower today, they usually see a finished icon: elegant, instantly recognizable, almost inevitable,…

𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗲𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗳𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻. Classical music is often spoken of as though…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱: 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣, 𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗥𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) Among the decisive encounters of Handel’s youth, few were as fruitful, as tense, or as revealing as his relationship…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰: 𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) When Handel left Halle in the spring of 1703, he was not simply changing cities. He was crossing a…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆: 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗙𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗱𝘆.…

𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆: 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 Few figures in twentieth-century music command admiration as universal as Igor Stravinsky. As a composer, he reshaped the language of modern music several times over—first through…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮 𝗭𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗨 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 (𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟳–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟮) If the first stage of Handel’s life was the awakening of a vocation, this second one was the period…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟳) Handel’s life begins not in glamour, but in a world of 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿. He was born…

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐝𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐤𝐲: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐓𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐤, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 There are pianists whose fame rests on their own performances, and there are others whose deepest greatness lies…