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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗥 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗪𝗔𝗥 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗿 𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟴 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝗿 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗹 When the First World War broke out in the summer…

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗛𝗨𝗥 𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟬) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 Łó𝗱ź (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱) Arthur Rubinstein was born on January 28, 1887, in Łódź, then part of the Russian Empire (now Poland), into a cultured…

𝐄𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐨 — 𝐀𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐝𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 Enrico Caruso was not simply a great tenor; he was one of the first global media celebrities, admired by kings, adored by the public, envied by rivals, and…

𝐆𝐢𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐩𝐞 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 Few major composers of the nineteenth century showed such consistent, practical, and deeply personal charity as Giuseppe Verdi. His philanthropy was not occasional generosity…

# **Handel - Messiah - Rebaroque, Gary Graden - Recorded Live in Stockholm Cathedral in 2016 ** [[https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-messiah-146667519?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link](https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-messiah-146667519?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link)](https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-messiah-146667519?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link) ## **George Frideric Handel — *****Messiah***** and Charity** **Music as Social Ethics** From its very first…

𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐇 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐁𝐘 𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐑𝐄 𝐇. 𝐀𝐙𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐒𝐀𝐖 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒, 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟎 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝟏 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 The first people…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩 — 𝗔𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟳 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗮𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀: 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀, 𝗣𝘀𝗮𝗹𝗺𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The sacred music of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 is one of the most misunderstood regions…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟮 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 The legend of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 as a musical Don Juan is one of…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟭 — 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗯𝗯é 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 After the brilliance of 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿 and the intellectual kingdom of the 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, Franz…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟭 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗬 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘 After the portrait of Mozart as man, composer, performer, social being, elegant Viennese, player, worker, and vulnerable body, the biography enters…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 𝗜𝗡 𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗝𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗬 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔 𝗡𝗘𝗪 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 When 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 reached England at the beginning of 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟭, he entered…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗧 𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗘 Christoph Willibald Gluck enters Rupert Hughes’s chapter as a striking contrast: in public he was 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡-𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗥 After 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, whose music transformed desire into one of the supreme artistic languages of the nineteenth century while his…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗧 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗔𝗦 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗, 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 Rupert Hughes begins the second volume of 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩𝗜𝗜 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗛𝗼𝗻𝗼𝘂𝗿, 𝗖𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁, 𝗕𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩𝗜𝗜 Chapter VII of C. F. Abdy Williams’s…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵: 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗲𝘅𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗜. 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗩𝗦. 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗴𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟱, 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜. 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻…

𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐆𝐢𝐠𝐥𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐧-𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐲, 𝐓𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are tenors whose fame rests on brilliance, others on heroic force, and a very few whose voices seem…

𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐦 𝐒𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are conductors whose greatness lies in severity, austerity, and intellectual weight, and there are others whose power comes from something more public, more…

# **HANDEL’S FUNERAL AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY — A FULL NARRATIVE**A ## **I. London in Mourning — April 1759** In the days following George Frideric Handel’s death on the morning of **April 14, 1759**, London…

𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗔𝗔𝗭𝗘𝗟 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Lorin Maazel was one of the most technically formidable conductors of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. He possessed an exceptional ear, an almost photographic memory, absolute…

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗢 𝗧𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗜 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Arturo Toscanini was one of the decisive figures in the creation of modern orchestral performance. His reputation was built upon fidelity to the written score, rhythmic discipline,…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻, 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱 Before the biography…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝘆 The passage from the Baroque world to the Classical one was not a sudden revolution that happened in a single year, nor…